Dedicated in 1993, the Vietnam Women's Memorial pays tribute to the more than 265,000 women who served during the Vietnam era. Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, the founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project, worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed. The impetus for the founding of VVMF fund came from a wounded Vietnam War veteran, Jan Scruggs, who was inspired by the film The Deer Hunter. This yearly ceremony recognizes new honorees and all whose names are on the In Memory Honor Roll. GREENVILLE, N.Y. ( NEWS10) A group of Vietnam War Veterans in Greene County is on a mission to build a monument to honor their brothers in arms who paid the ultimate sacrifice during that war . There is a smaller replica of that memorial at Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire, New Mexico. When the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was first dedicated in 1982, Lins wall contained the names of 57,939 American servicemen believed to have lost their lives in the Vietnam War. (who also earned the Combat Infantry Badge as a grunt in Vietnam), says, "Father Phil is a true example of . In the end, the panel passed over every professional architect in favor of 21-year-old Yale University student Maya Lin, who had created her design for a class. the names of the dead are carved into the wall alphabetically. Casualty and Mortuary Affairs Operations Center The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C., honoring service members of the U.S. armed forces who served in the Vietnam War. Timothy O'Sullivan's famous photograph of dead bodies on a deserted battlefield was taken during ________. Missing Persons Branch [7][29], On July 1, 1980, a site consisting of two acres next to the Lincoln Memorial was chosen and authorized by Congress. About 2.7 million U.S. service members served in Vietnam. One of the incredible Wall volunteers will do the rubbing and send it to you at the address you list. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. Fifty-nine civilian women died in the conflict. NOVEMBER 11, 1982. The organization was disbanded, but their website[36] is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University. Holy relics located in churches ________. The memorial consists of three separate parts: The Three Soldiers statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall, also known as The Wall That Heals, which is the most popular feature. What is the example of figurative language in the Secret Life of Walter Mitty? Is it a proper memorial for veterans? The removal process took a few weeks to complete. ", by Vietnam veterans Michael J. Martin and Tim Holiday, also released in 1982. Every service member of the Vietnam generation should know that their sacrifices mattered and that their service made a difference. Each panel is numbered from 1 to 70 at the base, with West Panel 1 and East Panel 1 meeting at the apex, leading out to East or West Panel 70. The two 200-foot-long sections that make up the wall contain more than 58,000 names. It has a long coastline, much of which fronts on the South China Sea to the east and south. Learn more about theIn MemoryProgram. [citation needed] On November 11, 1993, the Vietnam Women's Memorial was dedicated. According to Utah Vietnam Veterans of America, the wall is 80 percent of the original size of the memorial in Washington, D.C., and it is the only replica of its size west of the Mississippi. Julianne Corbin. A third kneels behind the sandbags, holding a helmet in her hand. TRUE (Choice B) FALSE. As a national memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. We will always remember those we lost and honor those who came home. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), This 21-Year-Old College Student Designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Manpower and Reserve Affairs, MRC 20242, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Who is at fault has yet to be determined", "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial A Model Partnership on America's Mall", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Founders of The Wall", "38 Veterans Listed on Wall May Have Survived Vietnam", "Sculptor Picked for Vietnam Memorial to Women", "A Belated Salute to the Women Who Served", "The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project", "The Vietnam Project Portal Association Portal Page", "13 Things to Know About the Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "Tombstones, Manhole Covers and The Ancient Art of Rubbing", "Collections - Vietnam Veterans Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)", "MRCE: Frequently Asked Questions (continued)", "Vietnam Veterans' Memorial Founder: Monument Almost Never Got Built", "A Milestone for a Memorial that Has Touched Millions", "Vietnam War Memorial dedicated, Nov. 13, 1982", "Vietnam Memorial Has Spelling Errors Set In Stone", "Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project", "Decade-long saga over $115M underground National Mall construction project nears resolution", "Ground is broken for education center at Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund changes direction of Education Center campaign", "Plan to build Vietnam War education center on the National Mall is abandoned", "After $23M Spent, Plans for Vietnam Wall Education Center Have Been Scrapped", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund The Wall That Heals: Mobile Exhibit", "Vietnam memorial replica dedicated in South Sioux City", "Vietnam War Memorial Unveiled in Augusta", "The Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial", "Vietnam on Record: An Incomplete Discography", "Vietnam War: Veterans Memorial Wall Songs", "Vandals Scratch Swastika on Face of Viet Veterans Memorial", "Substance on Vietnam Memorial is Vandalism", "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past", Maya Lin's original competition submission for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Vietnam Veterans Memorial, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial&oldid=1149580687, June 8, 1956 The first official death in Vietnam was Technical Sergeant. For those who died after the war, their name is placed in a position that relates to the date of their injury. From the very beginning I often wondered, if it had not been an anonymous entry 1026 but rather an entry by Maya Lin, would I have been selected? she would later write. Many began to suffer premature deaths related to their service. They continue leaving objects forty years after the dedication of the memorial. Memorial Fund founder Jan Scruggs deplored the scene, calling it an "act of vandalism on one of America's sacred places". Typesetting of the original 57,939 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta, Georgia. Civilian women worked for other agencies, the American Red Cross or the USO, or were foreign correspondents. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In others, the name had to be chiseled again elsewhere, moving them out of chronological order. For almost two decades, Americans raised their right hands and committed to serve and defend our Constitution as uniformed members of the United States Armed Forces during a tumultuous period in our countrys history. To the families, caregivers, and survivors of the more than 58,000 . You can enter from either side, and as you walk, you descend deeper into the cut earth. Practice 3.1.10 Give a speech that takes a clear stand about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Not only did the controversy quickly quiet down, but the Vietnam Veterans Memorial has since become both widely praised and wildly popular. The last casualties are listed on the bottom line of West Panel 1 above the date 1975.. A third kneels behind the sandbags, holding a helmet in her hand. 550 C. Street West, Suite 14 Eventually, a compromise was reachedagainst Lins wishesunder which a U.S. flag and a statue of three servicemen were dedicated near the wall in 1984. In order to be added, a deceased soldier must meet specific U.S. Department of Defense criteria. Others endured the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder. + Symbol denotes that the service member was missing or prisoner status when The Wall was built in 1982 and remains unaccounted for today. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, designed by Maya Lin, is a 247-foot long "V" composed of two walls that meet at a 125-degree angle. October 21, 1957 Capt. [49] There is also a Purple Heart Memorial, a Marine Corps Aviation Bell Tower and a monument to the submarine lifeguards who rescued Navy pilots in World War II. True The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. We pledge our steadfast care and support to our Vietnam veterans, as we do for all of our veterans. [4], Since 1982, over 400 names have been added to the memorial, but not necessarily in chronological order. Barred from combat, these women served in health care, communications, intelligence, and administrative positions. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was paid for by donations from more than 275,000 individuals, veterans and civic organizations, corporations, foundations, and unions. The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency issues reports on accounted-for and unaccounted-for personnel and works to recover remains. Other well-known songs include "The Wall" (2014) by Bruce Springsteen on his album High Hopes and "Xmas in February" (1989) by Lou Reed, released on the album New York. Maya Lin, (born October 5, 1959, Athens, Ohio, U.S.), American architect and sculptor concerned with environmental themes who is best known for her design of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Report a problem. Each wall of the Memorial is 246-foot-9-inch (75.21m) long and composed of 72 black granite panels, 70 of which are inscribed, polished to a high finish, with the names of the men and women being honored Vietnam Veterans Memorial (U.S. National Park Service) [2][3] The walls are sunken into the ground, with the earth behind them. In the sculpture, a nurse sits on sandbags holding a wounded serviceman while another searches the sky for help - perhaps a helicopter airlift. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. We honor and remember their sacrifice.. It is not related to recent demonstrations . One person even left behind a motorcycle. [58], The Family Guy episode The Splendid Source features a scene at the memorial. The original 57,939 names were grit-blasted in Memphis, Tenn., using industrial equipment and stencils produced through a photographic process. Since 1999, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund has held an In Memory Day ceremony each year to honor all those who died as a result of the war. Fax: 703-784-9823 or 703-784-4134, NAVY Find a Name Search the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund's database of names on the wall. Deliberately setting aside the controversies of the war, the designer, Maya Lin, felt that, 'the politics had eclipsed the veterans, their service and their lives.'. It serves as a reminder of the importance of women in the conflict. What is not true about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial? (Credit: Rolf Adlercreutz/Alamy Stock Photo) Today, the wall has become a destination for visitors to Washington D.C., even those who did not . Download a brochure of the chaplains on The Wall. CHECK OUT: Vietnam Veterans Memorial Infographic. The door was painted with a scene from Vietnam and the names of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the conflict. The names etched in The Wall at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial remind us of our loved ones who gave their all and never came home. The number of names increase. An official website of the United States Government, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. The memorial also features the Three Servicemen statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial, the In Memory plaque, and a flagpole with an etching of the insigniaof what were then the country's five military branches. No federal funds were used. The chief design criteria were that the memorial be 1) reflective and contemplative in character; 2) be harmonious with its site and environment, 3) make no political statement about the . [55][56], The Vietnam Veteran's Memorial Wall inspired over 60 songs, identified by the Vietnam War Song Project, showing how the war has been represented in subsequent decades, performed by professional musicians and Vietnam veterans. Thanks to our supporters and volunteers, VVMF provided more than 3,000 free name rubbings for those who couldnt make it to The Wall in 2022. The Wall That Heals will visit Tailgreat Park on campus from July 28 until Aug. 1 and will be open 24 hours a day with volunteer help. [7], The selected design was controversial, in particular due to its black color, its lack of ornamentation, and its configuration below ground level. Throughout the years of the Vietnam War, 9 million Americans earned the title of United States veteran. All entries were examined by each juror; the entries were narrowed down to 232, then to 39. monument, Washington, District of Columbia, United States. "[32] James Watt, secretary of the interior under President Ronald Reagan, delayed issuing a building permit for the Memorial due to the political opposition. NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby affirm this Nations commitment to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War, which began on Memorial Day, May28, 2012, and which will continue through Veterans Day, November11, 2025. What style is the Church of Sainte-Foy at Conques, France? In the sculpture, a nurse sits on sandbags holding a wounded serviceman while another searches the sky for help perhaps a helicopter airlift. [4] The World War I Munitions Building previously occupied that area. Each name is preceded(on the West Wall) or followed (on the East Wall) by a symbol designating status. On Veterans Day in 2004, a plaque was added near the Three Servicemen statue to remember and honor the sacrifice of veterans who later died as a result of their service in Vietnam. The organization sought a tangible symbol of recognition from the American people for those who served in the war. About 11,000 women were stationed in Vietnam and roughly 90% were nurses. Eventually, a compromise was reached with the commissioning of a traditional statue depicting three servicemen with a flag to stand at the entrance to the memorial. [4] Information about rank, unit, or decorations is not provided on the Wall itself. The mission of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) is to honor and preserve the legacy of service and educate all generations about the impact of the Vietnam War. [10][11] Two of the blank panels were shattered by the 2011 Virginia earthquake.[12]. The Wall, completed in 1982, has since been supplemented with the statue Three Soldiers in 1984 and the Vietnam Women's Memorial in 1993. The Medal was rescinded when his remains were identified, and he is not counted with the 161. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Each name is preceded (on the west wall) or followed (on the east wall) by a symbol designating status. The most prominent feature of the memorial is a massive wall that lists the names of the more than 58,000 servicemen and women who lost their lives during the Vietnam War. Lin's design is the only war memorial in the area (??) He is buried at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. President Richard M. Nixon officially ended the war by presidential proclamation on May 7, 1975. Beginning with the year 1959 inscribed at the top of the panel on Panel 1 East (1E), the listing goes out to the right, to the end of the east wall, Panel 70 East (70E). Navy Personnel Command (c) Interpret: What feelings does the line "Deep as first love, and wild with all regret" capture? There have been hundreds of incidents of vandalism at the memorial wall. Check out six facts about this iconic testament to sacrifice and loss. The Three Servicemen Statue is a slightly larger-than-life depiction of three infantrymen cast in bronze. The Three Soldiers (also known as The Three Servicemen) is a bronze statue by Frederick Hart. To the families of the over 1,500 service members who remain missing and unaccounted for, know that our Nations efforts to bring them home will never stop. He visited the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington and looked for Klug's name. ", Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, the founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project, worked for years to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed. A semicircular vault that usually holds the alter, The area that crosses the central area of a church. "[31] Two prominent early supporters of the project, H. Ross Perot and James Webb, withdrew their support once they saw the design. [30] Among other attacks, it was called "a black gash of shame and sorrow. Which two Gothic architectural innovations allowed cathedral walls to be built higher than before? "For the wounded, they were your lifeline." The wall remains the memorial's most powerful draw. [34], Furthermore, over 100 names have been identified as misspelled. There were 766 prisoners of war, 114 of whom died in captivity. Jan C. Scruggs, a wounded Vietnam War vet, studied what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder upon his return to the United States. It was designed by American architect Maya Lin. It was spread over an area of 5060 feet (1518m). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After watching the movie The Deer Hunter, Scruggs apparently stepped up his activism even further, using $2,800 of his own money to form the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund in 1979. The memorial is free and open 24 hours a day. Omissions? On November 10, 2000, a memorial plaque, authorized by Pub. When the death of one who was previously missing is confirmed, a diamond is superimposed over the cross. Ziggurats of the ancient Near East served as ________. [15] The names are listed in chronological order, starting at the apex on panel 1E on July 8, 1959, moving day by day to the end of the eastern wall at panel 70E, which ended on May 25, 1968, starting again at panel 70W at the end of the western wall, completing the list for May 25, 1968, and returning to the apex at panel 1W in 1975. It resumes at the end of the west wall, Panel 70 West (70W), and continues to the right, to Panel 1 West (1W), with 1975 inscribed at the very bottom. Plan Your Visit. When a service member is repatriated, the diamond is superimposed over the cross. Read More. As a senior at Yale University, Lin entered a nationwide competition sponsored by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, and her design was selected from the more than 1,400 submissions that were received. This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray. Bob Hope and other celebrities lent a hand with fundraising, and by 1981 some 275,000 Americans, along with corporations, foundations, veterans groups, civic organizations and labor unions, had given $8.4 million to the project. Dedicated in 1993, the Vietnam Women's Memorial pays tribute to the more than 265,000 women who served during the Vietnam era. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this. The memorial was established not only to honor those women who served, but also for the families who lost loved ones in the war, so they would know about the women who provided comfort, care, and a human touch for those who were suffering and dying. [21][22], A memorial plaque, authorized by an Act of Congress (Pub. United States military involvement in the Vietnam War officially began on Aug. 5, 1964. We honor and remember their sacrifice." The In Memory Honor Roll recognizes more than 5,600 Vietnam veterans who have been inducted into the In Memory . On September 7, 2007, an oily substance was found by park rangers on the memorial's wall panels and paving stones. Updates? 1) Just steps from the reflecting pool and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall sits the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wallfree to visit and always open. The determination of addition is made by the Department of Defense. The distance between the two allows them to interact without affecting the design of the other. If you are interested in requesting use of The Three Servicemen / Three Soldiers imagery, please fill out a request form Request usage of the copyrighted Three Servicemen / Three Soldiers Statue imagery. Author Tom Wolfe called it a tribute to [anti-war activist] Jane Fonda. Vietnam veteran Jim Webb, a future U.S. B. Jan C. Scruggs, a wounded Vietnam War vet, studied what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder upon his return to the United States. On March 11, 1982, the revised design was formally approved, and on March 26, 1982, ground was formally broken. The largest panels have 137 lines of names; the shortest have one line. Though that facility is not open to the public, certain memorial artifacts are put on view as part of traveling exhibits. The Three Servicemen Statue was also unveiled on Veterans Day in 1984, two years after the wall was dedicated. The project quickly grew from honoring only Cowley County servicemen to representing all 777 servicemen and nurses from Kansas who lost their lives or are missing in action from the Vietnam War. The organization has been dissolved, but its web site is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University. The competition was open to any American over 18 years of age, and by the end of the year 1980, 2,573 individuals and teams had registered for the competition, and by the deadline of March 30, 1981, 1,421 designs were submitted. Harry Griffith Cramer, Jr., a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, was killed near Nha Trang, Vietnam. She incorporated the Vietnam Womens Memorial Project (VWMP) in 1984. The impulse for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was based on the idea of a physical cut into the earth symbolically suggesting a wound that must heal. Postwar casualties not eligible for inscription on the wall are honored instead with an onsite plaque. Headquarters U.S. Army Human Resources Command The walls are supported along their entire length by 140 concrete pilings driven approximately 35 feet to bedrock. Artist Glenna Goodacre said the young serviceman is saved by the actions of these women - in a monument to the living. Seven are from the U.S. Army; one is from the Air Force. On Oct. 13, 1982, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts unanimously accepted the proposed sculpture and flagstaff. The two-acre (8,100m2) site is dominated by two black granite walls engraved with the names of those service members who died or remain missing as a result of their service in Vietnam and South East Asia during the war. Your donation to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund will help expand our mission to honor, educate and heal. And while the Memorial Fund finances the name additions to The Wall, we do not determine whose names are to be inscribed. Together these names comprise one of the most powerful war . is the world's largest domed structure without interior columns. The panels grow taller. Opponents of Lin's design wanted to place this sculpture of three soldiers at the apex of the two walls, to make the soldiers the focal point of the memorial and the Wall a mere backdrop. The photo was taken in 2016 and shows a vandalized Vietnam War memorial in Venice, Calif. [51], Plans for the Vietnam War Memorial located 401 East Ninth Street in Winfield, Kansas began in 1987 when friends who had gathered for a class reunion wanted to find a way to honor their fallen classmates. - it must be reflective and contemplative - it must contain the names of all of the dead and missing - it must make no political statement Which of the following is NOT true of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial? The bronze sculpture, depicting three women caring for an injured soldier, recognized the work of the more than 10,000 women who served in Vietnam. [16][17][18][19], There are eight womens names included in the memorial - Eleanor Grace Alexander, Pamela Dorothy Donovan, Carol Ann Drazba, Annie Ruth Graham, Elizabeth Ann Jones, Mary Therese Klinker, Sharon Ann Lane, and Hedwig Diane Orlowski. One of the first songs released on record was "The Wall" by Britt Small & Festival, who performed the song at the memorial in November 1982, and subsequently released as a 7" single. The memorial, located near the western end of the Mall, is a black granite V-shaped wall inscribed with the names of the approximately 58,000 men and women who were killed or missing in action. The design aroused a great deal of controversy, reflecting the lack of resolution of the national conflicts over the war as well as the lack of consensus over what constituted an appropriate memorial at the end of the 20th century. The memorial was dedicated on November 13, 1982, as part of a five-day ceremony that began on November 10, 1982, called the "National Salute to Vietnam Veterans," which included a reading of names at the National Cathedral, unit reunions, an entertainers' show, a parade, the Memorial's dedication, and a service at the Cathedral. Having raised the necessary cash, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund next held a design contest. Created by Vietnam and All Veterans of Brevard, Inc, The Vietnam Traveling Memorial Wall is a, Created by Dignity Memorial, the Dignity Memorial Vietnam Wall is. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. VVMF was joined by a volunteer cadre of Vietnam veterans, primarily former junior officers and enlisted men, among whom two emerged as principal leaders with Scruggs: West Point graduate John P. Wheeler III[4] and Robert W. Doubek, a former Air Force intelligence officer. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Vietnam Women's Memorial is dedicated to the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War, most of whom were nurses. Beth: Which is situated right between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. Each wall of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is 246 feet, 8 inches long. Before Goodacre's design was selected, two design entries had been awarded as co-finalists one a statue and the other a setting however, the two designs were unable to be reconciled. THE NAMES OF THOSE WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES AND OF THOSE WHO REMAIN MISSING ARE INSCRIBED IN THE ORDER THEY WERE TAKEN FROM US. Washington, D.C.'s Vietnam Veterans Memorial honors the men and women who served in the Vietnam War and features simple, elegant designs. [13] The names are inscribed in Optima typeface, designed by Hermann Zapf. Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. You have JavaScript disabled. In the end, the sculpture was placed in an entry plaza. Video transcript. However, one of those recipients earned his Medal of Honor during World War II, but died while serving in Vietnam. Browse a selection of images of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1100 Ohio Drive SW [26], Visitors to the memorial began leaving sentimental items at the memorial at its opening. Each wall contains 74 separate panels, including four on each end without names, for a total of 140 panels of names. [27] One story claims this practice began during construction when a Vietnam veteran threw the Purple Heart his brother received posthumously into the concrete of the memorial's foundation. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. An oily substance was found by Park rangers on the wall was designed by American architect Maya.., Download the official NPS app before your next visit their injury Memorial is free and open 24 hours day! Name had to be inscribed MIAs from the conflict War by presidential proclamation on May 7 1975... 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Built in 1982 and remains unaccounted for today additions to the date of their injury Project VWMP! Placed in a monument to the wall was dedicated having raised the necessary cash, the sculpture was placed an. Sainte-Foy at Conques, France Statue is a 501 ( c ) nonprofit. Along their entire length by 140 concrete pilings driven approximately 35 feet to bedrock is made by Vietnam... Down, but died while serving in Vietnam and roughly 90 % were nurses 9... Project at Texas Tech University recognition from the American Red cross or USO... Of Congress ( Pub (??, 114 of whom died in captivity their name is (., it was called `` a black gash of shame what is not true about the vietnam veterans memorial? sorrow them to interact without the.
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