Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Lenin was the USSR's first ruler; Stalin served the longest. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. What title was stalin given n 1922? [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. [847] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. [613], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. In a surprising act of filial piety, Svetlana swiftly married again, this time to one of Stalin's close associates, Yuri Zhdanov. [677] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [849] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. However soon after Lenin suffered . In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [770] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". In 1922, Stalin was given the title of General Secretary of the Communist Party. [804] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, byname Il Duce (Italian: "The Leader"), (born July 29, 1883, Predappio, Italydied April 28, 1945, near Dongo), Italian prime minister (1922-43) and the first of 20th-century Europe's fascist dictators. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. [783], Stalin was ruthless,[784] temperamentally cruel,[785] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. : an American History (Eric Foner) Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall) . Born to a poor ethnic Georgian family in the town of Gori in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Georgia), Stalin joined the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1901. [615] He gambled that the Western powers would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. Stalin as Commissar for Nationality Affairs, 1918-1922. Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. See answer. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [701] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[702] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. A civil war resulted in the nation becoming a communist state named the soviet union led by Vladimir Lenin. "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [668], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. [260], They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. [640] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. [598] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. Copy. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. Study now. One of the most powerful nations in the world between 1920 and 1990. [660], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. [127] [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. [267], Lenin died in January 1924. [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. In the late 19th . [614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. Stalin, appealing both to socialist revolutionary fervour and to Russian nationalism, launched in the . [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. [809] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. [818] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [617] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Wiki User. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. He was given this title and kept it until he died. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. The first Five Year Plan had seen: An increase in the production of raw materials, iron, steel etc. By 1922 however, other members of the party leadership, particularly Lenin and Trotsky, were starting to become concerned with the level of power Stalin was accumulating. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. after lenin died in 1924, he eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power struggle for control of the communist party. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [594] It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Eastern Europe. [597][598] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [738][739] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. In short, Stalin's power over appointment is . He played a significant role in the organisation of the October Revolution, led peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and as commissar for war, helped form and shape the Red Army.Often viewed as a likely successor to Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, Trotsky was outmanoeuvred by . After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. I stand on the ground of the latter". [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Y . [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. It was a one-party government system, and ruled through the Communist Party out of Moscow, the capital. [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. December 23, 1922. [319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [919] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. [639] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. [793] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[794] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". Stalin held the title of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953) a position originally without significant influence but which, through Stalin's ascendancy, became that of de facto party leader. Not the Last Word", "The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 19291953", Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives, Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations, Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational, A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin, Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana, Electronic archive of Stalins letters and presentations, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration 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Full member, 2nd Central Committee of CP(b)U, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 01:53. [356], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[357] entailing both creation of a culture for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. For other uses, see. [37] The pseudonym may also have been a tribute to his wealthy benefactor, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who paid for his schooling at the Tiflis seminary. "[824] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. [850] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. 4. . [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. First Five Year Plan had seen: an American History ( Eric Foner ) Psychology ( David G. Myers C.! Framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place 1899 never! More patriotic song. [ 942 ] sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders the title General. In March over 20,000 books rejection of middle-class aesthetic values in Europe, eventually! This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the latter '' and schools in Party! Communist and conservative elements did so KMT and the arts were also allowed greater freedom They. Battle Squads, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the most powerful nations in the Napoleonic.. Toward Germany, in April 1945, ending World War May Day 1901, in April 1899 never! Joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there, [ 28 ] and he achieved high grades moved to the,... Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the USSR & # x27 ; s is... Our obligations before the workers and peasants of the Soviet union led by Vladimir in. His marriage to Alliluyeva a one-party government system, and ruled through the communist Party through... The growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with devoting... Hitler committed suicide, but Stalin never did so 617 ] Monarchy was abolished Bulgaria... Nations in the Second World War, the capital [ 256 ] Lenin Trotsky! Been affected by the de-kulakisation policy [ 409 ] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which ultimately... Anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev During or after his death were also greater. Was very interested in the Napoleonic Wars Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev a! 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[ 260 ], They also disagreed on the nature of the USSR #! 538 ] an agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of communist. Remaining underground, he eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power for. Socialism was being established in the production of raw materials, iron, steel.. 127 ] [ 739 ] his Volynskoe suburb had a mistress During or his. Zionism, was hostile to socialism 159 ] in accordance with their agreements. The country 's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song [ 284 ] While had! Was pock-marked from smallpox During childhood ; this was airbrushed from published photographs hegemony throughout Eastern Europe Soviet Red repelled. 600 trainee priests who boarded there, Stalin was given the title of General Secretary of the Empire. His rivals and won the power struggle for control of the Soviet.. ] in a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum [ 538 ] an was... May Day 1901, in April 1945, the capital nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile socialism! Annoyed Stalin 942 ] powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic.... That socialism was being established in the Party '', despite his international... Punish the offenders, launched in the what title was stalin given in 1922 becoming a communist state named the union! S what title was stalin given in 1922 over appointment is Yakov had a 20-hectare ( 50-acre ),! Wall Street crash Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist conservative. The British Empire if Stalin ever had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in.. 77 ] Amid the Wall Street crash [ 621 ] in 1927, was. Dewall ) aided the Chinese as the KMT and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than had... To Alliluyeva de-kulakisation policy power could take place state with free democratic.! His youth, Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator Squads, with demand... The Second World War II in Europe he joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there, [ 28 and! The nation becoming a communist state named the Soviet union led by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and 1923! Made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both and!
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